Chapter 5 - Union and its territories Article 1 to 4 under part 1 Deals with Union and its territory Article 1 describes India that is Bharat as a union of States rather than a Federation of states. Union of States has been preferred to Federation of states- Two reasons - Indian Federation is not the result of an agreement among the states. States have no right to secede from the Federation. Article 1 territory of India can be classified into three categories- Territory of the states union territories A territory that may be acquired by the government of India at any time. Names of state and union territories and their territorial extent mentioned in the first schedule. Presently 28 States and nine union territories Territory of India is a wider expression then Union of India because Territory of India also includes Union territories and territories that may be acquired by government of India at any future time. Being Sovereign India can acquire foreign ...
Historical background part 2- The crown rule
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The Crown rule (1858 to 1947)
Government of India Act of 1858
Act for the good government of India
Abolished East India Company
India to be governed by Majesty
Designation of governor-general of India changed to Viceroy of India(1st lord canning)
Ended double system government
Created new office Secretary of State for India(Member of British cabinet)
Established 15-member Council of India to assist Secretary of State.
Made Secretary of State in Council as a body corporate.
Indian councils Act of 1861
(Policy of Association)
Features
Beginning of Representative institutions by associating Indians with the lawmaking process
Viceroy should nominate some Indians as non-official members of his expanded Council
1862 Lord canning nominated three Indians to his legislative Council Raja of Banaras, Maharaja of patiala and sir Dinkar rao.
Initiated process of decentralization
Establishment of new legislative councils for bengal, Northwestern provinces and Punjab in 1862. 1886 and 1897.
Empowered viceroy to make rules and orders for the more convenient transaction of business.
Portfolio system introduced by Lord canning in 1859
Empowered viceroy to issue ordinances without concurrence of legislative Council during an emergency(Six months Validity)
Indian councils Act of 1892
Features
Increased number of additional members in the Central and provincial legislative councils, but maintained the official majority in them.
Increased function of legislative councils
Provided nomination of some non-official members of central legislative Council by viceroy on recommendation of provincial legislative councils and bengal Chamber of Commerce.
That of provincial legislative councils by the governor on the recommendation of the distinct boards municipalities universities trade associations. Zamindar's
Indian councils Act of 1909
(Morley Minto reform)
Features
Increased the size of the legislative councils
Retained official majority in the central legislative council, but allowed provincial legislative councils to have non-official majority.
Enlarged function of legislative councils
Provided for Association of Indians with the executive Council of viceroy and governors
(Satyendra prasad Sinha Became law member).
Introduced system of communal representation for Muslims by accepting concept of separate electorate (Lord Minto father of communal electorate)
Provided separate representation of presidency Corporation Chamber of Commerce universities and zamindars.
Government of India Act of 1919
(Montague chelmsford reforms)
Enacted in 1921
Features
Relaxed central control over provinces
Demarcated and separated Central and provincial subjects
Further divided the provincial subjects into two parts- Transferred and reserved
Transferred administered by governor with help of ministers responsible to the legislative councils.
Reserved are to be administered by the governor and his executive Council without being responsible to the legislative Council.
Introduced bicameralism
Majority of members chosen by direct election
Required three of six members of The Advisory executive Council to be Indian
Extended principle of communal representation by providing separate electorate for six Indian Christians anglo-indians and Europeans.
Create a new office High Commissioner for India in London.
Establishment of Public Service Commission
(Central Public Service Commission in 1926)
Separated provincial budget from Central budget
Appointment of a statutory commission to inquire into and report on it's working after 10 years of it's coming into Force.
Simon Commission
In November 1927 Seven members statutory commission under chairmanship of Sir John Simon.
All the parties boycotted as all the members were British.
Recommendation
Abolition of diarchy, extension of responsible government, establishment of Federation of British India princely state.
Continuation of communal electorate
Communal award
August 1932 Ramsay MacDonald Announced scheme of representation of the minorities
Extended it to the depressed classes. Schedule caste
Gandhiji was distressed. Undertook fast unto death in your yerawada (Poona)
At last an agreement between leaders of Congress and depressed classes known as Poona Pact- Retained Hindu joint electorate and gave reserved seats to the depressed classes.
Government of India Act of 1935
(321 sections and 12 schedule)
Features
Establishment of an all India Federation
Divided the powers between Centre and it units in terms of three lists Federal list 59 items, provincial list 54 items and concurrent list 36 items.
Abolished diarchy in the provinces and introduced provincial autonomy.
Introduced responsible government
Provided for the adoption of diarchy at the center
Introduced bicameralism in 6 out of 11 provinces (Bengal Bombay Madras Bihar Assam and United provinces)
Further extended principle of communal representation by providing separate electorate for depressed classes woman and labour
Abolished Council of india established 1858
Extended franchise 10 percent of total population got voting rights
Establishment of Reserve Bank of India
Establishment of federal Public Service Commission And also a provincial Public Service Commission and Joint Public Service Commission for two or more provinces.
Establishment of a federal court set up in 1937.
Indian independence Act of 1947
(February 20 1947)
British PM Clement attlee
British rule in India end by June 30 1948
This announcement followed by agitation by Muslim League demanding partition of country.
Again on June 3 1947 British government made it clear any Constitution framed by constituent assembly of India cannot apply to those parts of country which were unwilling to accept it.
Lord mountbatten(Viceroy of India) Put forth partition plan.
Features
Ended British rule in India and declared India as an independent and sovereign state from August 15 1947.
partition of India and creation of two independent Dominion
Abolished office of Viceroy
And provided for each dominion governor-general.
Empowered constituent assembly of the two dominant to frame and adopt any Constitution And to legislate for their respective territories.
Abolished function of Secretary of State and transferred to Secretary of State for Commonwealth affairs.
Proclaimed lapse of British paramountcy over the Indian princely States
Granted freedom to Indian princely States either to join pak or India Or remain independent
Deprived the British monarch of his right to veto bills or ask for reservation of certain bills but reserved Governor General
Designated governor-general of India and provincial Governors as constitutional heads (Made to act on advice of respective council)
Dropped the title of emperor of India from Royal titles.
Discontinued appointment to civil services and reservation of posts by the Secretary of State for India.
Midnight of 14 to 15 August 1947 British rule came to an end and power was transferred to the two new independent dominance.
Lord mountbatten became first governor-general of new Dominion of India swore Jawahar Lal nehru as the first prime minister of Independent India.
Salient features of the Constitution 1) Lengthiest written Constitution Originally a preamble 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules Presently 470 articles in 25 parts and 12 schedules 4 parts(IVA IXA IXB and XIVA) added and deleted part VII 20 articles deleted and added 95 articles Factors responsible Geographical Factor Historical Factor Single Constitution Dominance of legal luminaries 2) Drawn from various sources 3) Blend of rigidity and flexibility Rigid Constitution- Special procedure for its Amendment Flexible Constitution- Amended in simple way by ordinary laws Article 368 provides two types of amendments - • Some Provisions by special majority of Parliament ie, Two-third majority of member of each house present and voting and a majority of total membership of each house. • Some other Provisions amended by a special majority of parliament with ratification by half of the total St...
Chapter 1 Environment Place people things and nature that surround any living organisms is called environment. Combination of natural and human-made phenomena Natural environment refers to both biotic and abiotic conditions Natural environment Land water air plants and animals comprise the natural environment Major domains of Earth with a sphere Lithosphere Hydrosphere Atmosphere Biosphere What is ecosystem? All plants animals and human beings depend on their immediate surrounding. Also interdependent on each other this relation between living organisms as well as relation between the organisms and their surrounding form an ecosystem. Example large rain forest grasslands desert mountains Lake River ocean And even a small pond. Human environment Human being interact with environment and modify it according to their need. Early humans adapted themselves to the natural surroundings Led simple life and fulfilled the requirements from the nature around them. A pe...
chapter 7 Our country India Area of about 3.28mn sq km North South Extension- 3,200 kilometer East West extension- 2,900 kilometer Second most populous country of world after China Locational setting India located in northern hemisphere Tropic of cancer Passes halfway North to south- Latitudinal extent- 37°6' N- 8°4' N West to east- Longitudinal extent- 68°7' E - 97°25' E Standard Meridian of India 82° 30' east Sri Lanka is separated from India by the Palk Strait Delhi national capital Rajasthan largest state Goa smallest state Physical division Physical features Such as mountains, plateaus, planes, coastal Islands Himalaya(Him + alaya)- The Abode of snow Himalayan Mountains divided into three main parallel ranges- 1) Northernmost great Himalaya or Himadri Worlds highest peak located in this range-Mount Everest 2) Middle Himalaya or Himachal Many popular Hill stations situated 3) Shivalik southernmost range. Northern India...
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