Chapter 5 - union and its territories

  Chapter 5 - Union and its territories  Article 1 to 4 under part 1 Deals with Union and its territory Article 1 describes India that is Bharat as a union of States rather than a Federation of states. Union of States has been preferred to Federation of states- Two reasons - Indian Federation is not the result of an agreement among the states. States have no right to secede from the Federation. Article 1 territory of India can be classified into three categories- Territory of the states union territories A territory that may be acquired by the government of India at any time. Names of state and union territories and their territorial extent mentioned in the first schedule. Presently 28 States and nine union territories Territory of India is a wider expression then Union of India because Territory of India also includes Union territories and territories that may be acquired by government of India at any future time. Being Sovereign India can acquire foreign ...

History class 6 ncert chapter no. 1-4



Chapter 1

What where how and when What where how and when 
Where did people leave? 
Along the banks of the river. 
Usually skilled gatherers and Hunters 

People travel from one part of subcontinent to another -
In search of livelihood 
To escape from natural disaster. 
Marched in armies 
Conquering other lands 
As merchants 
Religious teachers to offer instructions and advice 
spirit of Adventure 

Names of the land 
India and Bharat 
India from indus called Sindhu in Sanskrit 
Iranians and Greeks familiar with Indus 
Called it Indos or Hindos 
Land east of river called India

Bharata used for a group of people who lived in Northwest who are mentioned in the rig Veda. 

Finding out about the past

Manuscripts 
written by hand (Latin word meaning hand)
Usually on a soft surface(Palm leaf or bark off a tree)
Deals with religious belief and practices, lives of Kings medicine and science, epic poems, plays 
Written in Sanskrit And prakrit language


Inscription 
Writings on relatively hard surfaces such as stone or metal. 
Kings order, The records of victories in battle  


What do dates mean? 
Birth of Jesus Christ - BCE 
Anno Domini AD - In the year of Lord 


Chapter 2

On the trail of the earliest people 


The earliest people 
Why were they on the Move 
In search of food
By following the animals they hunt 
In search of seasonal plants 
In search of water during dry season. 

How do we know about these people? 

People made and used tools of stone wood and bone of 
Stone tools survived best 
Used for -To cut meat bone, Scrap bark  Chop fruit and roots, To make Spears and arrows for hunting, Chop wood 


Choosing a place to live in 
Where good quality. Stone was easily available - Factory sites 
Habitation come factory sites - where people lived for a longer Spells Of Time 

Making stone tools 
Two different techniques 
1)Stone on Stone. 
2)pressure flaking 

Finding out about fire

Kurnool caves - traces of Ash found 
Used for- As a source of light, to roast meat and to scare away animals. 

A changing environment 
12,000 years ago Major climatic change 
Shift to relatively warm condition Development of grasslands 
Increase in number of deer Antelope good sheep and Cattle 
Those who hunted these animals now followed them. 
People learned food habits and breeding season 
Fishing also become important 

Earliest period Paleolithic 
(Greek word Paleo meaning old, lithos meaning Stone)
2mn to 12,000 years ago. 

Mesolithic (12,000-10,000 years ago)
(Middle Stone)
Environmental changes take place 
Small stone tools called microliths

Neolithic (new stone)
10,000 yrs ago onwards

Rock paintings and what they tell us? 
Paintings on the walls 
In madhya Pradesh 
Paintings show wild animals With great accuracy and skill 


Hunsgi
Paleolithic site 
Number of tools found made of limestone 
Habitation come factory sites 


Chapter 3

From Gathering to Growing Foods 

First animal to Be Tamed wild ancestor of dog
Sheep goat cattle and also Pig lived in herds. 
Domestication Started about 12,000 years ago 
earliest plants to be domesticated wheat and barley
Earliest domesticated animals sheep and goat. 

A new way of life 
Started storing grain for both food and Seed 
Begin making large clay pots or wove baskets or dug pits into the ground 

Exciting find remains of burnt grain 


Towards a settled life
Burzahom (neolithic site)
In Kashmir 
People build pit house Dug into the ground Steps leading into them. 
Provided shelter in cold weather 
Found cooking hearths both inside and outside
Earthen pots found- Used for cooking food 
Began weaving clothes 

Neolithic tools 
Polish to give a fine Cutting Edge, mortars and pestles used for grinding grain 

Customs and practices 

Farmers and herders leaving group called tribes 
Follow certain customs and practices

Mehrgarh(neolithic site)
Woman and men learn to grow barley and wheat and rear sheep and goat for the first time in this area. 
Earliest villages 
Animal bones are found in different levels. 
Square or rectangular houses 
Each house had four or more compartments. 
Dead persons was buried with goats. 
Served as food in the next world

Daojali Hading (neolithic site)
Brahmaputra Valley 
Stone tools including mortars and pestles 
Indicates people were growing grain and preparing food 
Jadeite- stone that have been brought from China. 
Tools of fossil wood and pottery


Chapter 4

In the earliest cities 

The story of harappa (indus valley civilization)
First city to be discovered 
Developed about 4,700 years ago. 


Special features 
Divided into two or more parts 
Western part higher called Citadel Called Citadel. 
Eastern part larger, but lower Called Lower Town. 
Walls of baked brick 
Laid in interlocking pattern made strong walls 
Mohenjo-daro great bath 
Coated with plaster made watertight with a layer of natural tar 
Steps leading down it from two sides. 
Rooms on all sides 
People took a dip in this tank on special occasions. 

Kalibangan and lothal Fire altars found where sacrifices performed 

Mohenjodaro harappa, and lothal had elaborate storehouse. 

Houses drains and streets 
Either one or two storeys 
Separate bathing area 
Wells to supply water 
Covered drains -Drains in houses were connected to those on the streets. 
Inspection holes provided at intervals to clean them. 
All the three planned and built at the same time. 

Life in the city 
Very busy Place, Harappan City 
People planned construction of special buildings in the city probably the rulers 
Besides men and women craftsperson making all kinds of things. 
Terracotta toys have been found. 

New crafts in the city 
Most things made of stone shell and metal including copper bronze gold and silver. 
Most striking finds bids weights and Blades 
Also made seals out of stone generally rectangular. And have an animal carved on them. 
Also made pots with beautiful black designs 
Cotton probably grown at mehrgarh are about 7,000 years ago(Pieces of clothes found attached to the lid Of a silver vase at Mohenjo-daro. 

Found spindle whirls made of terracotta and faince Used to spin thread 

Work of specialists 
Cutting Stone polishing beads and carving seals 

In search of raw material 

Some available locally while many times copper tin gold silver precious stones brought from distant places. 
Copper from Rajasthan Even from oman 
Tin mixed with copper to produce bronze brought from Afghanistan and Iran. 
Gold from Karnataka 
And precious stones from present-day Gujarat Iran and Afghanistan. 

Food for people in the city
Farmers and herders supplied food to craft persons scribes and rulers in the city

Harappan grew wheat barley pulses peas rice sesame linseed and mustard. 
Plough used to dig Earth(Toy models found)
Some form of irrigation have been used 

Reared cattle sheep goats and buffalo 

Also collected fruits like bear caught fish hunted wild animals like antelope. 

Harappan towns in Gujarat 
Dholavira on khadir beyt in rann of kutch
Fresh water and fertile soil 
Divided into three parts- Surrounded with stone walls 
Entrance through gateways 
Large open area in the settlement where public ceremonies could be held. 
Harappan script include large letters carved out of white stone inlaid in wood. 

City of lothal Tributary of sabarmati in Gujarat Close to Gulf of khambat
Semi-precious stones easily available 
Making objects out of stones shell and Metal. 
Storehouse in the city 
Many seals and sealings found in the storehouse. 
A dockyard at lothal 
Building found probably for making beads. 

The mystery of end 

Around 3,900 years ago Beginning of major change 
People stopped living in many of the Cities 
Garbage piled up on the streets drainage system broke down 
New or less impressive houses were built even over the streets. 

Why did all this happen? 
Some suggest Rivers dried up 
Others suggested deforestation 
In some areas there were floods. 

New cities emerged about 1,400 years later. 


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