UPSCMAKEEASY

  Chapter 5 - Union and its territories  Article 1 to 4 under part 1 Deals with Union and its territory Article 1 describes India that is Bharat as a union of States rather than a Federation of states. Union of States has been preferred to Federation of states- Two reasons - Indian Federation is not the result of an agreement among the states. States have no right to secede from the Federation. Article 1 territory of India can be classified into three categories- Territory of the states union territories A territory that may be acquired by the government of India at any time. Names of state and union territories and their territorial extent mentioned in the first schedule. Presently 28 States and nine union territories Territory of India is a wider expression then Union of India because Territory of India also includes Union territories and territories that may be acquired by government of India at any future time. Being Sovereign India can acquire foreign ...

  Chapter 6      Natural vegetation and Wildlife With change in height the climate changes And that changes natural vegetation.  Growth of vegetation depends on temperature and moisture Also depends on factors like slope and thickness of soil. Natural vegetation classified into three broad categories  Forests -  Grow where temperature and rainfall are plentiful to support a tree cover. Depending upon these factors dense and open forests grown Grasslands- Grow in the region of moderate rain Shrubs-   thorny shrubs and scrubs grow in dry region Changes in type of natural vegetation occur mainly because of the changes of climatic condition. Forests   Tropical Evergreen forests(Rainforests) Regions near the equator and close to the tropics.  Hot and receive heavy rainfall throughout the year  No particular dry season.  Trees do not shed their leaves all together. Thick canopies do not allow sunlight to penetrate inside. E...

Chapter 4-   air Earth is surrounded by a huge blanket of are called atmosphere. Protects us from harmful rays Composition of the atmosphere Nitrogen78% oxygen 21% Other gas- carbon dioxide 0.03% Argon 0.93% All others 0.04% Plants need nitrogen for their survival Cannot take directly. Bacteria live in soil and Roots take nitrogen from air and change its form so that plants can use it. Human or animal release carbon dioxide  Amount of CO2 released by Humans or animals seems to be equal to the amount used by plants. Balance is upset by burning of wells. Structure of the atmosphere   Divided into five layers Troposphere Stratosphere mesosphere thermosphere and exosphere Troposphere Most important layer  Average height is 13 kilometer. Air we breathe, All weather phenomena Like rainfall fog and hailstorm occur in this layer.  Stratosphere Above troposphere Extends up to a height of 50 kilometer. Free from clouds Making condition most ideal for ...

Chapter 4 Preamble of the Constitution American Constitution first to begin with the preamble Preamble refers to the introduction or preface to the Constitution Based on objective resolution drafted and moved by Pandit nehru. Amended by 42nd Constitutional Amendment act 1976 which added three new words socialist secular and integrity.  Ingredient of the Preamble source of authority Of the Constitution- From the people of India Nature of Indian state- Sovereign, socialist, secular, Democratic and Republican polity Objective- Specifies Justice Liberty equality and fraternity date of adoption- 26 November 1949 Keywords in the Preamble Sovereignty Implies India is neither a dependency nor a Dominion of any other Nation but an independent states. It is free to conduct its own affairs. India can either acquire foreign territory or cede a part of its territory in favor of a foreign state. Socialist Term added by 42nd Amendment act in 1976. Indian brand of so...

Salient features of the Constitution  1) Lengthiest written Constitution   Originally a preamble 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules Presently 470 articles in 25 parts and 12 schedules 4 parts(IVA IXA IXB and XIVA) added and deleted part VII 20 articles deleted and added 95 articles Factors responsible  Geographical Factor  Historical Factor Single Constitution  Dominance of legal luminaries  2) Drawn from various sources  3) Blend of rigidity and flexibility   Rigid Constitution- Special procedure for its Amendment  Flexible Constitution- Amended in simple way by ordinary laws  Article 368 provides two types of amendments - • Some Provisions by special majority of Parliament ie, Two-third majority of member of each house present and voting and a majority of total membership of each house.  • Some other Provisions amended by a special majority of parliament with ratification by half of the total St...

Chapter 1 Environment Place people things and nature that surround any living organisms is called environment. Combination of natural and human-made phenomena Natural environment refers to both biotic and abiotic conditions Natural environment Land water air plants and animals comprise the natural environment Major domains of Earth with a sphere Lithosphere Hydrosphere Atmosphere Biosphere What is ecosystem? All plants animals and human beings depend on their immediate surrounding. Also interdependent on each other this relation between living organisms as well as relation between the organisms and their surrounding form an ecosystem. Example large rain forest grasslands desert mountains Lake River ocean And even a small pond. Human environment Human being interact with environment and modify it according to their need. Early humans adapted themselves to the natural surroundings Led simple life and fulfilled the requirements from the nature around them. A pe...

chapter 7 Our country India Area of about 3.28mn sq km North South Extension- 3,200 kilometer East West extension- 2,900 kilometer Second most populous country of world after China Locational setting India located in northern hemisphere Tropic of cancer Passes halfway North to south- Latitudinal extent- 37°6' N- 8°4' N West to east- Longitudinal extent- 68°7' E - 97°25' E Standard Meridian of India 82° 30' east Sri Lanka is separated from India by the Palk Strait Delhi national capital Rajasthan largest state Goa smallest state Physical division Physical features Such as mountains, plateaus, planes, coastal Islands Himalaya(Him + alaya)- The Abode of snow Himalayan Mountains divided into three main parallel ranges- 1) Northernmost great Himalaya or Himadri Worlds highest peak located in this range-Mount Everest 2) Middle Himalaya or Himachal Many popular Hill stations situated 3) Shivalik southernmost range. Northern India...

Demand for a constituent assembly  First time in 1934 by MN Roy (Pioneer of communist movement in India)  In 1935 Indian National Congress officially demanded  Finally accepted by British government in August offer of 1940.  1942 sir Stafford Cripps Draft proposal of British government  Rejected by the Muslim League  Finally a cabinet Mission sent to India.  Put forth a scheme for constituent assembly.  Composition of the constituent assembly  Constituted in November 1946  Features of the scheme   Total strength to be 389  Of these 296 seats to British India and 93 seats to princely States.  Out of 296, 292 are to be drawn from 11 Governor provinces and 4 from 4 Chief commissioners.  Seat alloted in proportion to their respective population.  A representative of each Community elected by member of that community in the provincial legislative assembly. Voting by method of proportional representation by means of si...

Chapter 9  Vital Villages, thriving towns  Iron tools and agriculture  Use of iron begin in subcontinent around 3000 years ago.  Iron tools found in megalithic burials  2,500 years ago growing use of iron tools  Other steps to increase production Irrigation  Included canals Wells tanks and artificial Lakes  Who lived in The Villages? Three different kinds of people  In Tamil region Landowners were known as Vellalar Ordinary ploughmen known as uzhavar  Landless labourers including slaves known as kadaisiyar and adimai In northern part Village headman known as grama bhojaka   Post was hereditary, He was powerful.  Function as Judge sometimes as a policeman Independent Farmers known as grihapatis  Other men and women such as Dasa karmakara Who did not own land Working on fields owned by others.  Sangam literature earliest Works in Tamil  Composed 2300 years ago  Sangam because supposed to have been composed an...

Chapter 5  major domains of the Earth Earth's surface is a complex in which three main components Overlap and interact Lithosphere Solid person portion Atmosphere Gaseous layers Surround Earth Hydrosphere Comprises water in all its forms Biosphere Narrow Zone where we find land Water and Air together which contain all forms of life. Lithosphere Rocks of the Earth's crust and thin layers of the soil Two main division Of Earth's surface Large land masses Continents Huge water bodies ocean basins Level of seawater remains same everywhere. Elevation of land is measured from level of sea which is taken as zero. Highest mountain peak Mount Everest(8,848 meters) Greatest depth 11,022 metres Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean Continents Seven major continents- Asia, Europe, Africa, North America, South America, Australia and Antarctica Greater part in northern hemisphere Asia largest continent One third of total area(In the eastern hemisphere) T...

The Crown rule (1858 to 1947)  Government of India Act of 1858   Act for the good government of India  Abolished East India Company  India to be governed by Majesty Designation of governor-general of India changed to Viceroy of India(1st lord canning)  Ended double system government Created new office Secretary of State for India(Member of British cabinet) Established 15-member Council of India to assist Secretary of State.  Made Secretary of State in Council as a body corporate.  Indian councils Act of 1861   (Policy of Association) Features   Beginning of Representative institutions by associating Indians with the lawmaking process  Viceroy should nominate some Indians as non-official members of his expanded Council 1862 Lord canning nominated three Indians to his legislative Council Raja of Banaras, Maharaja of patiala and sir Dinkar rao.  Initiated process of decentralization  Establishment of new legislative councils for b...