Chapter 5 - Union and its territories Article 1 to 4 under part 1 Deals with Union and its territory Article 1 describes India that is Bharat as a union of States rather than a Federation of states. Union of States has been preferred to Federation of states- Two reasons - Indian Federation is not the result of an agreement among the states. States have no right to secede from the Federation. Article 1 territory of India can be classified into three categories- Territory of the states union territories A territory that may be acquired by the government of India at any time. Names of state and union territories and their territorial extent mentioned in the first schedule. Presently 28 States and nine union territories Territory of India is a wider expression then Union of India because Territory of India also includes Union territories and territories that may be acquired by government of India at any future time. Being Sovereign India can acquire foreign ...
Class 6 geography chapter 7-8
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chapter 7
Our country India
Area of about 3.28mn sq km
North South Extension- 3,200 kilometer
East West extension- 2,900 kilometer
Second most populous country of world after China
Locational setting
India located in northern hemisphere
Tropic of cancer Passes halfway
North to south-
Latitudinal extent- 37°6' N- 8°4' N
West to east-
Longitudinal extent- 68°7' E - 97°25' E
Standard Meridian of India 82° 30' east
Sri Lanka is separated from India by the Palk Strait
Delhi national capital
Rajasthan largest state
Goa smallest state
Physical division
Physical features Such as mountains, plateaus, planes, coastal Islands
Himalaya(Him + alaya)- The Abode of snow
Himalayan Mountains divided into three main parallel ranges-
1) Northernmost great Himalaya or Himadri
Worlds highest peak located in this range-Mount Everest
2) Middle Himalaya or Himachal
Many popular Hill stations situated
3) Shivalik
southernmost range.
Northern Indian Plains South of the Himalayas
Level and flat
Found by alluvial deposits By rivers Indus ganga brahmaputra and their tributaries
Western part of India Lies- Great Indian Desert
To the south of Northern Plains lies Peninsular Plateau- It is triangular in shape.
Aravali hills One of oldest ranges of world-border it on the northwest side.
Vindhyas and Satpuras important ranges.
Narmada and Tapi flowed through this ranges- West flowing Rivers
Western ghats Or sahyadris- Border plateau in the West
And Eastern ghat provide the eastern boundary.
Western ghats almost continuous
Eastern ghat broken and uneven
To the west of western ghat and east of eastern ghat Lie- The coastal plain
Western Coastal plains are very narrow.
Eastern coastal plains are much broader
Number of East flowing Rivers. Mahanadi godavari, Krishna and kaveri - Drain into Bay of Bengal
formed fertile Delta's at the mouth.
Sundarban Delta Formed where ganga and brahmaputra flow into Bay of Bengal
Two groups of Island lakshadweep Island in Arabian Sea(Coral Island located off the coast of Kerala)
The Andaman and nicobar Islands Southeast of Indian mainland In Bay of Bengal
Chapter 8
India climate vegetation and Wildlife
Weather
Day to day changes in the atmosphere.
Change in temperature rainfall sunshine.
Measure Seasons recognized in India are-
Winter December to February
Summer march to May
Rainy season June to September
Autumn October and November
Winter season
Sun rays do not fall directly in the region.
Summer season
More or less directly fall in the region
Rainy season
Winds blow from Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal towards the land
Carry moisture
When these wind strike the mountain barriers rainfall occurs
Autumn season
Season of retreating monsoon
Winds move back from Mainland to Bay of Bengal
Southern parts of India
Particularly Tamil, Nadu and Andhra Pradesh Receive rainfall in this season
Climate
Average weather condition measured over many years
Climate of India Monsoon type
Monsoon from Arabic word Maus(Means season)
India's location in tropical region
Most rain is brought by monsoon winds.
Climate of a place is affected by its location, altitude, distance from sea and relief.
Mawsynram in meghalaya- Receives world's highest rainfall
Natural vegetation
Grasses shrubs and trees which grow on their own without interference Or help from human beings called a natural vegetation.
Different types- dependent on different climatic conditions-
Tropical rainforest
Area which receive heavy rainfall So dense that some light doesn't reach the ground.
Many species of trees found Shed their leaves at different times. Always appear green And are called evergreen forest.
Important trees Mahogany, Ebony, Rosewood
Found in- Andaman and nicobar Island, Parts of Northeastern states, Narrow strip of Western Slope Of Western ghat
Tropical deciduous forest
Large part of our country
Also called Monsoon forests
Less dense
Shed their leaves at a particular time of the year.
Important trees - Teak, Sal, Peepal, Neem and shisham
Found in- MP UP Bihar jharkhand chhattisgarh odisha and Maharashtra
Thorny bushes
Found in dry areas
Leaves are in form of spine- To reduce loss of water
Important trees- Cactus, khair, Babool, keekae
Found in- Rajasthan, Punjab, haryana Eastern slopes of Western ghats and Gujarat
Mountain vegetation
Wide range of species according to the variation in height
Increase in height temperature Falls
Height between 1500 meters and 2500 meters Most trees are conical in shape. Called coniferous trees
Example- Chir Pine and deodar
Mangrove forest
Can survive in saline water
Found mainly in sunderbans in WestBengal and in Andaman and nicobar Island.
Sundari well-known species of trees in mangrove forest
Wild Life
Forests home to a variety of Wildlife
Thousands of species of animals and large variety of reptiles amphibians mammals birds insects and worms tiger national animal
Gir forest in Gujarat home of Asiatic lions
Elephants one-horned rhinoceros Found in forests of Assam
Elephants also found in Kerala and Karnataka Camels wild asses are found in Great Indian Desert and rann of kuchchh
Wild goats snow Leopard bears found in Himalayan region
India is equally rich in bird life
peacock national bird.
Salient features of the Constitution 1) Lengthiest written Constitution Originally a preamble 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules Presently 470 articles in 25 parts and 12 schedules 4 parts(IVA IXA IXB and XIVA) added and deleted part VII 20 articles deleted and added 95 articles Factors responsible Geographical Factor Historical Factor Single Constitution Dominance of legal luminaries 2) Drawn from various sources 3) Blend of rigidity and flexibility Rigid Constitution- Special procedure for its Amendment Flexible Constitution- Amended in simple way by ordinary laws Article 368 provides two types of amendments - • Some Provisions by special majority of Parliament ie, Two-third majority of member of each house present and voting and a majority of total membership of each house. • Some other Provisions amended by a special majority of parliament with ratification by half of the total St...
Chapter 1 Environment Place people things and nature that surround any living organisms is called environment. Combination of natural and human-made phenomena Natural environment refers to both biotic and abiotic conditions Natural environment Land water air plants and animals comprise the natural environment Major domains of Earth with a sphere Lithosphere Hydrosphere Atmosphere Biosphere What is ecosystem? All plants animals and human beings depend on their immediate surrounding. Also interdependent on each other this relation between living organisms as well as relation between the organisms and their surrounding form an ecosystem. Example large rain forest grasslands desert mountains Lake River ocean And even a small pond. Human environment Human being interact with environment and modify it according to their need. Early humans adapted themselves to the natural surroundings Led simple life and fulfilled the requirements from the nature around them. A pe...
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