Chapter 5 - union and its territories

  Chapter 5 - Union and its territories  Article 1 to 4 under part 1 Deals with Union and its territory Article 1 describes India that is Bharat as a union of States rather than a Federation of states. Union of States has been preferred to Federation of states- Two reasons - Indian Federation is not the result of an agreement among the states. States have no right to secede from the Federation. Article 1 territory of India can be classified into three categories- Territory of the states union territories A territory that may be acquired by the government of India at any time. Names of state and union territories and their territorial extent mentioned in the first schedule. Presently 28 States and nine union territories Territory of India is a wider expression then Union of India because Territory of India also includes Union territories and territories that may be acquired by government of India at any future time. Being Sovereign India can acquire foreign ...

NCERT class 6 geography part 1- chapter 1-3





Chapter 1-

The earth in the solar system 

The sun moon and all those objects shining in the night sky called celestial body. 
Sun is a star.
Various patterns formed by different groups of stars called constellations

Northstar indicates North direction also called pole star
Celestial bodies do not have their own heat and light, Lit by the Light of the Stars Called planets (Greek word Planetai Means Wanderers)

The solar system
Sun, eight planets, satellites And some other Celestial bodies(Asteroids and meteoroids)
Sol In Roman mythology- It's Sun God.

Geography(Greek word Geo meaning Earth and graphia meaning writing)

The sun-
Center of solar system
Made up of extremely hot gases
Provides pulling force that binds the solar system
Ultimate source of heat and light
About 150 million kilometers away from Earth.

Planets

Eight planets -
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune

All planets move around the Sun in fixed path Called orbits

Nearest Mercury Takes 88 days to complete one round.
Venus considered Earth's twin because of its size and shape.
Till 2006 Pluto was considered a planet.

The Earth 

Third nearest
Fifth largest
Flattened at the poles 
Geoid shape(Earth like shape)
Conditions favorable to support life
Outer space appears blue because 2/3 surface is covered by water - Called Blue Planet

Moon 

Earth has only one Natural satellite

About 3,84,000 km away
Moves around Earth in 27 days- Eastward

Neil Armstrong first man 21 July 1969

Satellite is a Celestial body moves around planet.

Human made satellite- artificial body Some Indian satellite INSAT IRS EDUSAT

Asteroids-
Numerous tiny bodies which move around the sun called asteroids

Found between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.

Meteoroids

Small pieces of rocks which moves around the Sun Called meteoroids
Sometimes come near the Earth and tend to drop upon it.

Solar system- Galaxy- Universe

Our solar system is a part of galaxies called milky way galaxy (akash ganga)



Chapter 2

Globe latitudes and longitudes

Imaginary line running on Globe divides it into two equal parts called equator.

Northern Hemisphere and southern hemisphere
All parallel circles from equator Called latitudes
Northern latitudes and Southern latitudes

Important parallels of latitude

Equator- 0 degree
North Pole- 90° North
South Pole- 90° south
Tropic of Cancer- 23 1/2° North
Tropic of Capricorn- 231/2° South
Arctic Circle 66 1/2° North
Antarctic circle 66 1/2° south

Heat zones of the Earth

The area that receives the maximum heat called Torrid Zone.

Areas bounded by Tropic of Cancer and Arctic Circle in northern hemisphere
And Tropic of Capricorn and Antarctic Circle in the southern hemisphere Called temperate zones

Area between Arctic Circle and North Pole in Northern Hemisphere and Antarctic Circle and South Pole in southern hemisphere called frigid zones.

What are longitudes? 

Lines of references
Distances between them measured in degrees each degree is further divided into minutes minutes into seconds.

Decreases steadily pole wards until it becomes zero at poles.

All meridians are of equal length.

Prime meridian Meridian which passed through Greenwich where British Royal Observatory is located- Zero degree longitude

Prime meridian 180 degree divide the earth into equal halves
Eastern Hemisphere and western hemisphere

Longitude and time 

Earth rotates from west to east
East of Greenwich will be ahead.

Earth rotates 360 degrees in 24 hours
15 degree per hour or 
1 degree in four minutes

Eastern countries- add
Western countries - minus

Why do we have Standard Time? 

India's longitudinal extent 68°7' E and 97°25'E
In India the longitude 82 1/2° East is treated as standard Meridian.

It is known as Indian Standard Time.

Countries have great longitudinal extend have more than one Standard Time.

Example Russia 11




Chapter 3

motions of the Earth

Two types of motions rotation and revolution

Rotation Movement of Earth on its axis

Revolution movement of Earth around the Sun in fixed path or orbit

Axis of earth makes an angle of 66 1/2° with its orbital plane.
Portion facing Sun day other half night

Circle that divides the day from night called circle of Illumination

Earth completes one revolution takes 365 1/4 days
Consider year as consisting of 365 days and ignore six hours.
Six hours saved added to make one day.
Span of four years- Add it to month of February - called leap year.

Earth moves around the Sun in an elliptical Orbit

Note- Earth is inclined in the same direction.

Year divided into summer winter spring and Autumn seasons.

Seasons change is due to change in the position of the Earth around the Sun.

1) Northern Hemisphere tilted towards the Sun 
Rays directly falls on the Tropic of Cancer
Receive more heat
Near poles receive less Heat

North Pole inclined towards the Sun
Arctic Circle experience continuous daylight for about 6 month.
It is summer in the region north of the equator.

Longest day on 21st June - Summer solstice

In southern hemisphere All these conditions are reversed
Winter season Nights are shorter.


2) Southern hemisphere tilted towards sun
Tropic of Capricorn receives direct rays

Summer in the southern hemisphere with longer days and shorter nights 
Reverse happens in northern hemisphere

winter solstice- 22nd December

Christmas is celebrated in Australia in summer season.

21st March and September 23rd
Direct rays of sun fall on equator
Neither of poles tilted towards the Sun

Whole earth experiences equal days and equal Nights- This is called Equinox.

23rd September Autumn season in Northern Hemisphere and spring season in southern hemisphere.

21st march spring in Northern Hemisphere and autumn in southern hemisphere

Days and nights and changes in Seasons because of rotation and revolution of Earth's respectively. 

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