Chapter 5 - Union and its territories Article 1 to 4 under part 1 Deals with Union and its territory Article 1 describes India that is Bharat as a union of States rather than a Federation of states. Union of States has been preferred to Federation of states- Two reasons - Indian Federation is not the result of an agreement among the states. States have no right to secede from the Federation. Article 1 territory of India can be classified into three categories- Territory of the states union territories A territory that may be acquired by the government of India at any time. Names of state and union territories and their territorial extent mentioned in the first schedule. Presently 28 States and nine union territories Territory of India is a wider expression then Union of India because Territory of India also includes Union territories and territories that may be acquired by government of India at any future time. Being Sovereign India can acquire foreign ...
Historical background part 1- The company rule(1773-1858)
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Certain events in British rule laid down the legal framework for the organization and functioning of government Administration in British India.
Two major headings-
The company rule (1773 to 1858)
The crown rule (1858 to 1947)
The company rule
Regulating Act of 1773
First Step by British government to control and regulate East India Company.
Recognized political and administrative function
Foundation of central Administration in India
Features
1)Designated governor of Bengal as governor general of Bengal
Created an executive Council of four members to assist him.
(First Lord Warren hasting)
2)Governor of Bombay and Madras presidency is made subordinate.
3)Establishment of supreme court at Calcutta 1774 (One chief justice and three other judges)
4)Prohibited Servants of company from private trade or accepting bribes
5)Strengthened the control of British government by requiring court of directors to report its Revenue civil and Military Affairs in India.
Amending Act of 1781
To rectify the defects of Act of 1773
Also known as Act of settlement
Features
1)Exempted governor-general and it's council and the company servants from the jurisdiction of supreme court for the ACT done by them in their official capacity.
2)Excluded Revenue matters from SC jurisdiction
3)Supreme Court jurisdiction over all inhabitants of Calcutta
Required court to administer the personal law of defendant
4)Appeal from Provincial Court could be taken to the governor general in Council and not to Supreme Court.
5)Empower governor-general in council to frame regulation for the Provincial Court and councils
Pitts India Act of 1784
William Pitt was the Prime Minister.
Features
1)Distinguish between commercial and political functions of company
Court of directors -commercial Affairs
new body- board of control- to manage political affairs(double govt)
2)Empowered Board of control to supervise and direct all operations
Of British possession in India
Act of 1786
Lord Cornwallis appointed as governor general of Bengal placed two demands
1)He should be given power to override decision of Council in special cases.
2)He would also be the commander-in-chief.
Charter Act of 1793
Features Extended overriding power To Future governor-general's And governors of presidencies
More power to Governor General
Extended trade Monopoly of company for a period of 20 years.
Provided commander-in-chief not to be a member of governor-general's Council unless he was so appointed.
Members of board of control and the staff to be paid out of Indian revenues
Charter Act of 1813
Abolished trade Monopoly
Continued monopoly of company over trading tea and trade with China.
Asserted sovereignty of British crown over companies territories in India.
Allowed Christian missionaries to India
Spread of Western education
Authorized local government to impose taxes and punish on non-payment of taxes
Charter Act of 1833
Features
Made governor general of Bengal as governor-general of India
complete authority over entire territorial area. (First' Lord William bentinck )
Deprived governor of Bengal and Madras of their legislative power
Laws now to be called as Acts(previously regulations)
Ended activity of East India Company as a commercial body.
Became purely administrative body.
Attempted to introduce a system of open competition for selection of civil servants.
Opposed from court of directors
Charter Act of 1853
Features
Separated legislative and executive function of governor-general's council.
Addition of six new members called legislative councillors- Indian legislative Council
Introduced open competition system of selection and recruitment of civil servants.
(Macaulay committee was appointed in 1854).
Extended companies rule
First time local representation in Indian legislative Council.
Of six new legislative members four were appointed by local governments of Madras Bombay Bengal and Agra.
Salient features of the Constitution 1) Lengthiest written Constitution Originally a preamble 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules Presently 470 articles in 25 parts and 12 schedules 4 parts(IVA IXA IXB and XIVA) added and deleted part VII 20 articles deleted and added 95 articles Factors responsible Geographical Factor Historical Factor Single Constitution Dominance of legal luminaries 2) Drawn from various sources 3) Blend of rigidity and flexibility Rigid Constitution- Special procedure for its Amendment Flexible Constitution- Amended in simple way by ordinary laws Article 368 provides two types of amendments - • Some Provisions by special majority of Parliament ie, Two-third majority of member of each house present and voting and a majority of total membership of each house. • Some other Provisions amended by a special majority of parliament with ratification by half of the total St...
Chapter 1 Environment Place people things and nature that surround any living organisms is called environment. Combination of natural and human-made phenomena Natural environment refers to both biotic and abiotic conditions Natural environment Land water air plants and animals comprise the natural environment Major domains of Earth with a sphere Lithosphere Hydrosphere Atmosphere Biosphere What is ecosystem? All plants animals and human beings depend on their immediate surrounding. Also interdependent on each other this relation between living organisms as well as relation between the organisms and their surrounding form an ecosystem. Example large rain forest grasslands desert mountains Lake River ocean And even a small pond. Human environment Human being interact with environment and modify it according to their need. Early humans adapted themselves to the natural surroundings Led simple life and fulfilled the requirements from the nature around them. A pe...
chapter 7 Our country India Area of about 3.28mn sq km North South Extension- 3,200 kilometer East West extension- 2,900 kilometer Second most populous country of world after China Locational setting India located in northern hemisphere Tropic of cancer Passes halfway North to south- Latitudinal extent- 37°6' N- 8°4' N West to east- Longitudinal extent- 68°7' E - 97°25' E Standard Meridian of India 82° 30' east Sri Lanka is separated from India by the Palk Strait Delhi national capital Rajasthan largest state Goa smallest state Physical division Physical features Such as mountains, plateaus, planes, coastal Islands Himalaya(Him + alaya)- The Abode of snow Himalayan Mountains divided into three main parallel ranges- 1) Northernmost great Himalaya or Himadri Worlds highest peak located in this range-Mount Everest 2) Middle Himalaya or Himachal Many popular Hill stations situated 3) Shivalik southernmost range. Northern India...
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